View source for Makemake (dwarf planet)

{{Infobox Planet
| bgcolour = #FFFFC0
| name = Makemake
| symbol =
| image = [[File:Makemake hubble.png|300px]]
| caption = Makemake as seen by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]
| discovery = yes
| discoverer = [[Michael E. Brown]],<br>[[Chad Trujillo]],<br>[[David Rabinowitz]]
| discovered = March 31, 2005
| mp_name = (136472) Makemake
| pronounce = {{IPA-en|ˌmɑːkiːˈmɑːkiː|}} or {{IPA-en|ˌmɑːkeɪˈmɑːkeɪ|}}{{Ref_label|A|a|none}}
| alt_names = {{mp|2005 FY|9}}
| mp_category = [[dwarf planet]], [[plutoid]], [[Trans-Neptunian object|TNO]] ([[cubewano]])<ref name="MPEC 2009-E53"/>
| orbit_ref = <ref name=Buie/><ref name=jpldata/>
| epoch = January 28, 1955 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2&nbsp;435&nbsp;135.5)
| aphelion = 7,939.7&nbsp;[[Gigametre|Gm]] (53.074&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]])
| perihelion = 5,760.8&nbsp;Gm (38.509&nbsp;AU)
| semimajor = 6,850.3&nbsp;Gm (45.791&nbsp;AU)
| semiminor =
| orbital_circ =
| eccentricity = 0.159
| period = 113,183&nbsp;[[day|d]] (309.88 [[Julian year (astronomy)|a]])
| avg_speed = 4.419&nbsp;km/[[second|s]]
| inclination = 28.96[[degree (angle)|°]]
| asc_node = 79.382°
| arg_peri = 298.41°
| mean_anomaly = 85.13°
| physical_characteristics = yes
| axial_tilt = ''unknown''
| sidereal_day=7.771±0.003 hours<ref>A. N. Heinze and Daniel deLahunta, [http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1538-3881/138/2/428/ The rotation period and light-curve amplitude of Kuiper belt dwarf planet 136472 Makemake ({{mp|2005 FY|9}})], ''The Astronomical Journal'' '''138''' (2009), pp. 428-438. doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/138/2/428</ref>
| dimensions = 1,300–1,900 km
| mean_radius = 750{{±|200|100}}&nbsp;km<ref name="Stansberry 2007"/>
| surface_area = ~7,000,000&nbsp;km²<!-- {{Ref_label|F|f|none}} -->
| volume = ~1.8{{Esp|9}}&nbsp;km³<!-- {{Ref_label|E|e|none}} -->
| mass = ~4{{Esp|21}}&nbsp;kg
| density = ~2&nbsp;g/cm³ (assumed)
| surface_grav = ~0.47&nbsp;m/s²<!-- {{Ref_label|H|h|none}} -->
| escape_velocity = ~0.84&nbsp;km/s<!-- {{Ref_label|I|i|none}} -->
| albedo=78.2{{±|10.3|8.6}} ([[Geometric albedo|geometric]])<ref name="Stansberry 2007"/>
| single_temperature = 30–35&nbsp;K {{Ref_label|D|d|none}}(assuming the same albedo)
| abs_magnitude=-0.48<ref name=jpldata/>
| magnitude = 16.7 ([[Opposition (astronomy and astrology)|opposition]])<ref name=AstDys>{{cite web
  |title=AstDys (136472) Makemake Ephemerides
  |publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy
  |url=http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.0&n=Makemake
  |accessdate=2009-03-19}}</ref><ref name=Horizons/>
}}
{{otheruses|Makemake}}
'''Makemake''', [[Minor planet names|formally designated]] '''(136472)&nbsp;Makemake''', is the third-largest known [[dwarf planet]] in the [[Solar System]] and one of the two largest [[Kuiper belt]] objects (KBO) in the [[Classical Kuiper belt object|classical KBO]] population.{{Ref_label|B|b|none}} Its diameter is roughly three-quarters that of [[Pluto]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The discovery of {{mp|2003 UB|313}} Eris, the 10<sup>th</sup> planet largest known dwarf planet|author=Michael E. Brown|work=California Institute of Technology|year=2006|url= http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/|accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref> Makemake has no known satellites, which makes it unique among the largest KBOs. Its extremely low average temperature (about {{convert|30|K|C|lk=in}}) means its surface is covered with [[methane]], [[ethane]], and possibly [[nitrogen]] ices.<ref name=brown/>

Initially known as '''{{mp|2005 FY|9}}''' and later given the [[minor planet names|minor planet number]] 136472, it was discovered on March 31, 2005, by a team led by [[Michael E. Brown|Michael Brown]], and announced on July 29, 2005. Its name derives from the [[Rapanui]] god [[Makemake (mythology)|Makemake]]. On June 11, 2008, the [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]] included Makemake in its list of potential candidates to be given "[[plutoid]]" status, a term for dwarf planets beyond the orbit of [[Neptune]] that would place the object alongside [[Pluto]], [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]] and {{dp|Eris}}. Makemake was formally classified as a plutoid in July 2008.<ref name=Brown>{{cite web|author=Michael E. Brown|title=The Dwarf Planets|publisher=California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences|url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dwarfplanets/|accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref><ref name=name/><ref name="Tancredi">{{cite journal|author=Gonzalo Tancredi, Sofia Favre|title=Which are the dwarfs in the Solar System?|year=2008|month=June|journal=Icarus|volume=195|issue=2|pages=851–862|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/acm2008/pdf/8261.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.020|accessdate=2008-08-03}}</ref><ref name=IAU0806/>

==Discovery==
Makemake was discovered on March 31, 2005, by a team at the [[Palomar Observatory]], led by [[Michael E. Brown|Michael Brown]],<ref name=jpldata>{{cite web|date=2008-04-05 last obs|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 136472 ({{mp|2005 FY|9}})|work=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=136472|accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref> and was announced to the public on July 29, 2005. The discovery of {{dp|Eris}} was made public the same day, following the announcement of {{dp|Haumea}} two days earlier.<ref>{{cite web|title=His Stellar Discovery Is Eclipsed|author=Thomas H. Maugh II and John Johnson Jr.|work=Los Angeles Times|year=2005|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2005/oct/16/local/me-planet16|accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref>

Despite its relative brightness (it is about a fifth as bright as Pluto),{{Ref_label|C|c|none}} Makemake was not discovered until well after many much fainter Kuiper belt objects. Most searches for minor planets are conducted relatively close to the [[ecliptic]] (the region of the sky that the Sun, Moon and planets appear to lie in, as seen from Earth), due to the greater likelihood of finding objects there. It probably escaped detection during the earlier surveys due to its relatively high orbital [[inclination]], and the fact that it was at its farthest distance from the ecliptic at the time of its discovery, in the northern [[constellation]] of [[Coma Berenices]].<ref name=Horizons>{{cite web|title = Asteroid 136472 Makemake (2005 FY9)|work=HORIZONS Web-Interface|publisher=JPL Solar System Dynamics|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=2005FY9|accessdate=2008-07-01}}</ref>

Besides [[Pluto]], Makemake is the only other dwarf planet that was bright enough for [[Clyde Tombaugh]] to have possibly detected during his search for [[Planets beyond Neptune|trans-Neptunian planets]] around 1930.<ref name=brown2006/> At the time of Tombaugh's survey, Makemake was only a few degrees from the ecliptic, near the border of [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]] and [[Auriga (constellation)|Auriga]],{{Ref_label|E|e|none}} at an apparent magnitude of 16.0.<ref name=Horizons/> This position, however, was also very near the [[Milky Way]], and Makemake would have been almost impossible to find against the dense background of stars. Tombaugh continued searching for some years after the discovery of Pluto,<ref>{{cite web|title=Clyde W. Tombaugh|work=New Mexico Museum of Space History|url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=51|accessdate=2008-06-29}}</ref> but he failed to find Makemake or any other [[trans-Neptunian object]]s.

===Name===
The [[provisional designation]] {{mp|2005 FY|9}} was given to Makemake when the discovery was made public. Before that, the discovery team used the codename "[[Easter Bunny|Easterbunny]]" for the object, because of its discovery shortly after [[Easter]].<ref name=brownblog/>

In July 2008, in accordance with IAU rules for classical Kuiper belt objects, {{mp|2005 FY|9}} was given the name of a [[creator deity]]. The name of [[Makemake (mythology)|Makemake]], the creator of humanity and god of fertility in the mythos of the [[Rapanui]], the native people of [[Easter Island]],<ref name=name>{{cite web|date=2008-11-07 <!--11:42:58-->|title=Dwarf Planets and their Systems|work= Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html#DwarfPlanets| accessdate=2008-07-13| publisher= U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> was chosen in part to preserve the object's connection with Easter.<ref name=brownblog>{{cite web|title=Mike Brown's Planets: What's in a name? (part 2)|author=Mike Brown|publisher=California Institute of Technology|year=2008|url=http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2008/07/whats-in-name-part-2.html|accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref>

==Orbit and classification==
[[File:TheKuiperBelt Orbits 2003EL61 2005FY9.svg|left|thumb|250px|Orbits of Makemake (blue), {{dp|Haumea}} (green), contrasted with the orbit of Pluto (red) and the ecliptic (grey). The [[perihelion|perihelia]] (q)<ref name=jpldata/> and the [[aphelion|aphelia]] (Q) are marked with the dates of passage. The positions on April 2006 are marked with the spheres illustrating relative sizes and differences in [[Albedo#Astronomical albedo|albedo]] and colour.]]

As of 2009, Makemake is at a distance of {{convert|52|AU|km|-7|lk=in}} from the Sun;<ref name=AstDys/><ref name=Horizons/> almost as far from the Sun as it ever reaches on its orbit.<ref name=brown>{{cite journal|title=Methane and Ethane on the Bright Kuiper Belt Object 2005 FY<sub>9</sub>|author=Mike Brown, K. M. Barksume, G. L. Blake, E. L. Schaller, D. L. Rabinowitz, H. G. Roe and C. A. Trujillo|journal= The Astronomical Journal|year=2007|volume=133|pages= 284–289| doi= 10.1086/509734|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AJ....133..284B}}</ref> Makemake follows an orbit very similar to that of {{dp|Haumea}}: highly [[orbital inclination|inclined]] at 29° and a moderate [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of about 0.16.<ref name=Tegler/> Nevertheless, Makemake's orbit is slightly farther from the Sun in terms of both the [[semi-major axis]] and [[apsis|perihelion]]. Its [[orbital period]] is nearly 310&nbsp;years,<ref name=Buie>{{cite web|author=[[Marc W. Buie]]|date=2008-04-05|title=Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 136472|publisher=SwRI (Space Science Department)|url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/136472.html|accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref> more than Pluto's 248&nbsp;years and Haumea's 283&nbsp;years. Both Makemake and Haumea are currently far from the [[ecliptic]]—the angular distance is almost 29°. Makemake is approaching its 2033 [[apsis|aphelion]],<ref name=Horizons/> while Haumea passed its aphelion in early 1992.<ref>{{cite web| title = Asteroid 136108 (2003 EL61)
|work=HORIZONS Web-Interface|publisher=JPL Solar System Dynamics
|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=2003EL61|accessdate=2008-08-04}}</ref>

Makemake is classified a [[cubewano|classical Kuiper belt object]],<ref name="MPEC 2009-E53">{{cite web |title=MPEC 2009-E53 : DISTANT MINOR PLANETS (2009 MAR. 30.0 TT) |date=2009-03-11 |publisher=Minor Planet Center |url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/mpec/K09/K09E53.html |accessdate=2009-04-03}}</ref>{{Ref_label|B|b|none}} which means its orbit lies far enough from Neptune to remain stable over the age of the Solar System.<ref name=jewitt>{{cite web|title=Classical Kuiper Belt Objects (CKBOs)|author=David Jewitt|publisher=University of Hawaii|url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/kb/kb-classical.html| year=2000|month =February| accessdate=2008-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author = Jane X. Luu and David C. Jewitt |year = 2002| journal = Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys.| volume = 40| pages= 63–101| doi = 10.1146/annurev.astro.40.060401.093818| title = Kuiper Belt Objects: Relics from the Accretion Disk of the Sun| url=http://www.gsmt.noao.edu/gsmt_swg/SWG_Apr03/The_Kuiper_Belt.pdf| format=pdf| accessdate=2008-08-04}}</ref> Unlike [[plutino]]s, which can cross Neptune's orbit due to their 2:3 [[orbital resonance|resonance]] with the planet, the classical objects have [[apsis|perihelia]] further from the Sun, free from Neptune's [[Perturbation (astronomy)|perturbation]].<ref name=jewitt/> Such objects have relatively low eccentricities (''e'' below 0.2) and orbit the Sun in much the same way the planets do. Makemake, however, is a member of the "dynamically hot" class of classical KBOs, meaning that it has a high inclination compared to others in its population.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The formation of the Kuiper belt by the outward transport of bodies during Neptune's migration|author=Harold F. Levison, Alessandro Morbidelli|journal=Nature|pages=419–421|year=2003|volume=426|url=http://www.obs-nice.fr/morby/stuff/NATURE.pdf|accessdate=2007-06-25|format=pdf|doi=10.1038/nature02120}}</ref> Makemake is [[Orbital_resonance#Coincidental 'near' ratios of mean motion|near]] (likely coincidental) the 11:6 resonance with Neptune.<ref>[http://www.orbitsimulator.com/gravity/articles/newtno.html Preliminary simulation of Makemake ({{mp|2005 FY|9}})'s orbit] and [http://www.orbitsimulator.com/yabbfiles/Attachments/Makemake40000y_13to7.gif the 2009-02-04 nominal (non-librating) rotating frame for Makemake.]  See [[(182294) 2001 KU76]] for a proper 11:6 resonance libration.</ref>

On August 24, 2006, the [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) announced a formal [[2006 definition of planet|definition of ''planet'']] that established a tripartite classification for objects in orbit around the Sun: "[[small Solar System bodies]]" were those objects too small for their gravity to have collapsed their surfaces into a rounded shape; "[[dwarf planet]]s" were those objects large enough to be rounded, but who had yet to clear their orbits of similar-sized objects; "[[planet]]s" were those objects that were both large enough to be rounded by self-gravity and which had cleared their orbits of similar-sized objects.<ref name=IAU0603/> Under this classification, [[Pluto]], [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]] and [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]  were reclassified as dwarf planets.<ref name=IAU0603>{{cite press release|date=2006-08-24|publisher=International Astronomical Union (News Release - IAU0603)|title=IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes|url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0603/|accessdate=2007-12-31}} ([http://www.iau.org/iau0603.414.0.html orig link])</ref>

On June 11, 2008, the IAU further elaborated on this classification scheme by creating a subclass of dwarf planet, [[plutoid]], specifically for those dwarf planets found beyond the orbit of Neptune. Eris and Pluto are thus plutoids, while Ceres is not. To be considered a plutoid for naming by the IAU, without knowing whether it has achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, an object must be exceptionally bright, with an [[absolute magnitude]] of +1 or less,<ref>{{cite press release|date=2008-06-11| location=Paris|title=Plutoid chosen as name for Solar System objects like Pluto|publisher=International Astronomical Union (News Release - IAU0804)|url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0804|accessdate=2008-06-11}}</ref> which meant that only Makemake and Haumea were likely to be included.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mike Brown's Planets:Plutoid fever|author=Michael Brown|format = blog|year=2008|url= http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2008/06/plutoid-fever.html|accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref> On July 11, 2008, the IAU/USGS Working Group on Planetary Nomenclature included Makemake in the plutoid class, making it officially both a dwarf planet and a plutoid, alongside Pluto and Eris.<ref name=name/><ref name=IAU0806>{{cite press release| publisher = International Astronomical Union (News Release - IAU0806)|title= Fourth dwarf planet named Makemake|author=International Astronomical Union|url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0806/|date=2008-07-19|accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref>

==Physical characteristics==
===Brightness, size, and rotation===
Makemake is currently visually the second brightest [[Kuiper belt]] object after [[Pluto]],<ref name=brown2006/> having a March [[Opposition (astronomy and astrology)|opposition]] [[apparent magnitude]] of 16.7<ref name=AstDys/> in the [[constellation]] [[Coma Berenices]].<ref name=Horizons/> This is bright enough to be visible using a high-end [[amateur astronomer|amateur]] [[telescope]]. Makemake's high albedo of roughly 80&nbsp;percent suggests an average surface temperature of about 30&nbsp;K.{{Ref_label|D|d|none}}<ref name="Stansberry 2007">{{cite journal| author = J. Stansberry, W. Grundy, M. Brown, ''et al.''| title=Physical Properties of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects: Constraints from Spitzer Space Telescope|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0702538v1| journal = The Solar System beyond Neptune| publisher = University of Arizona Press| year=2007| month = February| format=abstract| accessdate=2008-08-04}}</ref> The size of Makemake is not precisely known, but the detection in infrared by the [[Spitzer space telescope]], combined with the similarities of spectrum with Pluto yielded an estimate of a 1,500{{±|400|200}}&nbsp;km diameter</sub>.<ref name="Stansberry 2007"/> This is slightly larger than the size of {{dp|Haumea}}, making Makemake possibly the third largest known Trans-Neptunian object after {{dp|Eris}} and Pluto.<ref name=Tegler>{{cite journal|author=S. C. Tegler, W. M. Grundy, W. Romanishin, G. J. Consolmagno, K. Mogren, F. Vilas|title=Optical Spectroscopy of the Large Kuiper Belt Objects 136472 (2005 FY<sub>9</sub>) and 136108 (2003 EL<sub>61</sub>)|date=2007-01-08| volume=133|pages=526–530| doi=10.1086/510134| journal=The Astronomical Journal|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AJ....133..526T}}</ref> Makemake is now designated the fourth [[dwarf planet]] in the [[Solar System]] because it has a bright [[Photometric system|V-band]] [[absolute magnitude]] of −0.48.<ref name=jpldata/> This practically guarantees that it is large enough to achieve [[hydrostatic equilibrium]] and become an [[oblate spheroid]].<ref name=name/>

<imagemap>
Image:EightTNOs.png|thumb|300px|right|Makemake compared to [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]], [[Pluto]], [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]], [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]], [[90482 Orcus|Orcus]], [[50000 Quaoar|Quaoar]], [[20000 Varuna|Varuna]], and [[Earth]] (all to scale).
#Earth
rect 646 1714 2142 1994 [[Earth|The Earth]]
#Eris and Dysnomia
circle 226 412 16 [[Dysnomia (moon)|Dysnomia]]
circle 350 626 197 [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]]
#Pluto and Charon
circle 1252 684 86 [[Charon (moon)|Charon]]
circle 1038 632 188 [[Pluto]]
#Makemake
circle 1786 614 142 [[Makemake (dwarf planet)|Makemake]]
#Haumea
circle 2438 616 155 [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]]
#Sedna
circle 342 1305 137 [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]]
#Orcus
circle 1088 1305 114 [[90482 Orcus|Orcus]]
#Quaoar
circle 1784 1305 97 [[50000 Quaoar|Quaoar]]
#Varuna
circle 2420 1305 58 [[20000 Varuna|Varuna]]
#link to image (under all other links)
rect 0 0 2749 1994 [[File:EightTNOs.png]]

desc none
# - setting this to "bottom-right" will display a (rather large) icon linking to the graphic, if desired

#Notes:
#Details on the new coding for clickable images is here: [[mw:Extension:ImageMap]]
#While it may look strange, it's important to keep the codes for a particular system in order. The clickable coding treats the first object created in an area as the one on top.
#Moons should be placed on "top" so that their smaller circles won't disappear "under" their respective primaries.
</imagemap>

===Spectra===
In a letter written to the journal ''[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]'' in 2006, Licandro ''et al.'' reported the measurements of the [[visible spectrum|visible]] and [[Near infrared spectroscopy|near infrared spectrum]] of Makemake. They used the [[William Herschel Telescope]] and [[Telescopio Nazionale Galileo]] and showed that the surface of Makemake resembles that of Pluto.<ref name=atmosphere/> Like Pluto, Makemake appears red in the visible spectrum, but significantly less red than the surface of Eris (see [[trans-Neptunian object#Colors|colour comparison of TNOs]]).<ref name=atmosphere/> The near-infrared spectrum is marked by the presence of the broad [[methane]] (CH<sub>4</sub>) [[absorption band]]s. The methane is observed also on Pluto and Eris, but its spectral signature is much weaker.<ref name=atmosphere>{{cite journal|title=The methane ice rich surface of large TNO 2005 FY<sub>9</sub>: a Pluto-twin in the trans-neptunian belt?|author=J. Licandro, N. Pinilla-Alonso, M. Pedani, E. Oliva, G. P. Tozzi, W. M. Grundy|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|year=2006|volume=445|issue=3|doi= 10.1051/0004-6361:200500219| pages=L35–L38|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A%26A...445L..35L}}</ref>

Spectral analysis of Makemake's surface revealed that methane must be present in the form of large grains at least one centimetre in size.<ref name=brown/> In addition large amounts of [[ethane]] and [[tholins]] may be present as well, most likely created by [[photolysis]] of methane by solar radiation.<ref name=brown/> The tholins are probably responsible for the red color of the visible spectrum. Although evidence exists for the presence of nitrogen ice on its surface, at least mixed with other ices, there is nowhere near the same level of nitrogen as on Pluto and [[Triton (moon)|Triton]], where it composes more than 98&nbsp;percent of the crust. The relative lack of nitrogen ice suggests that its supply of nitrogen has somehow been depleted over the age of the Solar System.<ref name=brown/><ref name=Tegler2008>{{cite journal|title=Evidence of N2-ice on the surface of the icy dwarf Planet 136472 (2005 FY9)|author=S.C. Tegler, W.M. Grundy, F. Vilas, W. Romanishin, D.M. Cornelison and G.J. Consolmagno|journal=Icarus|volume=195|issue=2|year= 2008| month = June| pages= 844–850|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.015|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Icar..195..844T}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title = Surface Ices and the Atmospheric Composition of Pluto|author = Tobias C. Owen, Ted L. Roush, ''et al.''| journal = Science|date=1993-08-06| volume = 261| issue = 5122| pages =745–748|doi = 10.1126/science.261.5122.745|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Sci...261..745O|pmid = 17757212|accessdate=2008-08-03}}</ref>

===Atmosphere===
The presence of methane and possibly nitrogen suggests that Makemake could have a transient [[celestial body atmosphere|atmosphere]] similar to that of Pluto near its [[apsis|perihelion]].<ref name=atmosphere/> Nitrogen, if present, will be the dominant component of it.<ref name=brown/> The existence of an atmosphere also provides a natural explanation for the nitrogen depletion: since the gravity of Makemake is weaker than that of Pluto, Eris and Triton, a large amount of nitrogen was probably lost via [[atmospheric escape]]; methane is lighter than nitrogen, but has significantly lower vapor pressure at temperatures prevalent at the surface of Makemake (30–35&nbsp;K),{{Ref_label|D|d|none}} which hinders its escape; the result of this process is a higher relative abundance of methane.<ref name=Schaller2007>{{cite journal|author=E.L. Schaller, M.E. Brown|title= Volatile Loss and Retention on Kuiper Belt Objects|date=2007-04-10|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=659| pages=L61–L64|doi=10.1086/516709|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...659L..61S}}</ref>

==Satellites==
No satellites have been detected around Makemake so far. A satellite having a brightness 1% of that of the primary would have been detected if it had been at the distance 0.4 [[arcsecond]]s or further from Makemake.<ref name=brown2006/> This contrasts with the other largest trans-Neptunian objects, which all possess at least one satellite: {{dp|Eris}} has [[Dysnomia (moon)|one]], {{dp|Haumea}} has [[Moons of Haumea|two]] and [[Pluto]] has [[Moons of Pluto|three]]. From 10% to 20% of all [[trans-Neptunian object]]s are expected to have one or more satellites.<ref name=brown2006/> Since satellites offer a simple method to measure an object's mass, lack of a satellite makes obtaining an accurate figure for Makemake's mass more difficult.<ref name=brown2006>{{cite journal|title=Satellites of the Largest Kuiper Belt Objects|author=M. E. Brown, M. A. van Dam, A. H. Bouchez, ''et al.''|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume= 639|pages=L43–L46|date=2006-03-01|doi=10.1086/501524|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...639L..43B}}</ref>

==Notes==
<div class="references-small">
<ol type="a">
<li>{{Note_label|A|a|none}} Or in US dictionary transcription, {{USdict|mâ′·kē·mâ′·kē}}<ref name=brownblog/> and {{USdict|mâ′·kā·mâ′·kā}}<ref name="brownblog2">{{cite web|title=Mike Brown's Planets: Make-make|author=Mike Brown|publisher=California Institute of Technology|year=2008|url=http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2008/07/make-make.html|accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref><ref name="craig">{{citation|author=Robert D. Craig|title=Handbook of Polynesian Mythology|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2004|page=63|url=http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=LOZuirJWXvUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA63&dq=makemake&ots=xyXfFytGAc&sig=9Bgeo5m2_e3gzZb4ZnD0VpEdyWo}}</ref> The first is the fully anglicized pronunciation (at least in the US; in the UK {{IPA-en|ˈmækiːˈmækiː|}} {{USdict|mă′·kē·mă′·kē}}); the second is a more Hawaiian pronunciation, used by Brown and his students. ([http://365daysofastronomy.org/2009/03/31/march-31st/ podcast]: ''Dwarf Planet Haumea'' (Darin Ragozzine, at 3′11″)
<li>{{Note_label|B|b|none}} Astronomers [[Michael E. Brown|Mike Brown]], [[David Jewitt]] and [[Marc Buie]] classify Makemake as a near [[scattered disc|scattered]] object but the [[Minor Planet Center]], from which Wikipedia draws most of its definitions for the trans-Neptunian population, places it among the main Kuiper belt population.<ref name=Buie/><ref name=brown/><ref name=Delsanti2006>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/publications/preprints/06preprints/Delsanti_06-009.pdf|format=PDF|title=The Solar System Beyond The Planets|author=Audrey Delsanti, David Jewitt|publisher=University of Hawaii|accessdate=2008-08-03}}</ref>.<ref name=MPC>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/lists/TNOs.html|work=Minor Planet Center|title=List Of Transneptunian Objects|publisher=Harvard-Smithsonian Chenter for Astrophysics|accessdate=2008-08-03}}</ref>
<li>{{Note_label|C|c|none}} It has an [[apparent magnitude]] in [[opposition (astronomy)|opposition]] of 16.7 vs. [[Pluto#Appearance and composition|15 for Pluto]].<ref name=Rabinowitz2007>{{cite journal|author=David L. Rabinowitz, Bradley E. Schaefer, Suzanne W. Tourtellotte|title=The Diverse Solar Phase Curves of Distant Icy Bodies. I. Photometric Observations of 18 Trans-Neptunian Objects, 7 Centaurs, and Nereid|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=133|pages=26–43|year=2007|doi=10.1086/508931| url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0605745|accessdate=2008-08-03}}</ref>
<!-- <li>{{Note_label|D|d|none}} Calculated using the formula <math>\begin{smallmatrix}T\ =\ \frac{T_{\textrm{eff}}(1-qp_{\nu})^{1/4}}{\sqrt{2}},\end{smallmatrix}</math> where T<sub>eff</sub> =54.8&nbsp;K at 52&nbsp;AU, <math>p_{\nu}</math>=0.78 is the geometrical albedo, ''q''=0.8 is the [[phase integral]]. T<sub>eff</sub> scales as <math>\begin{smallmatrix}1/\sqrt{r}\end{smallmatrix}</math>, where <math>r</math> is the distance from the Sun. This formula is a simplified version of that in section 2.2 of Stansberry, ''et al.'', 2007,<ref name="Stansberry 2007"/> where emissivity and beaming paramter were assumed equal untiy, and <math>\pi</math> was replaced with 4 acconting for the difference between circle and sphere. All parameters mentioned above were taken from the same paper. -->
<li>{{Note_label|E|e|none}}Based on Minor Planet Center online Minor Planet Ephemeris Service: March 1 1930: RA: 05h51m, Dec: +29.0.
<!-- <li>{{Note_label|F|f|none}} Surface area ''a'' derived from the radius ''r'': <math>\begin{smallmatrix}a\ =\ 4\pi r^2\end{smallmatrix}</math>'''.
<li>{{Note_label|G|g|none}} Volume ''V'' derived from the radius ''r'': <math>\begin{smallmatrix}V\ =\ \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3\end{smallmatrix}</math>'''.
<li>{{Note_label|H|h|none}} Surface gravity ''g'' derived from the mass ''m'', the [[gravitational constant]] ''G'' and the radius ''r'': <math>\begin{smallmatrix}g\ =\ \frac{Gm}{r^2}\end{smallmatrix}</math>.
<li>{{Note_label|I|i|none}} Escape velocity ''v'' derived from the mass ''m'', the [[gravitational constant]] ''G'' and the radius ''r'': <math>\begin{smallmatrix}v\ =\ \sqrt{\frac{2Gm}{r}}\end{smallmatrix}</math>. -->
</li>
</ol>
</div>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Makemake}}
{{portal|Astronomy|Crab Nebula.jpg}}
{{portal|Solar System|Solar system.jpg}}
* [http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/mpec/K05/K05O42.html MPEC listing for Makemake]
* [http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/cgi-bin/astdys/astibo?objects:Makemake;main AstDys] orbital elements
* [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=136472;orb=1;view=Far Orbital simulation] from JPL (Java) / [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=136472 Ephemeris]
* [http://www.ing.iac.es:8080/PR/press/2005FY9.html Press release] from [[WHT]] and [[Telescopio Nazionale Galileo|TNG]] on Makemake's similarity to Pluto.
* [http://mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk/blobrana/database/2005FY9.htm Makemake chart and Orbit Viewer]
* [http://www.klet.org/klenot/html/k05f09y.html Precovery image] with the 1.06 m [[Kleť Observatory]] telescope on April 20, 2003
* [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap080716.html Makemake of the Outer Solar System] [[APOD]] July 15, 2008
* [http://www.orbitsimulator.com/gravity/articles/newtno.html Simulation of Makemake ({{mp|2005 FY|9}})'s orbit]

{{MinorPlanets Navigator|(136471) 2005 FJ7|PageName=(136472) Makemake|(136473) 2005 GB|state=autocollapse}}
{{Trans-Neptunian dwarf planets}}
{{Trans-Neptunian objects}}
{{Solar System}}

{{featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Makemake (Dwarf Planet)}}
[[Category:Makemake| ]]

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[[zh-yue:鳥神星]]
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