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...olar axis ''L''. In green, the point with radial coordinate 3 and angular coordinate 60 degrees, or (3,60°). In blue, the point (4,210°).]] ...]], the '''polar coordinate system''' is a [[dimension|two-dimensional]] [[coordinate system]] in which each [[point (mathematics)|point]] on a [[plane (mathemat ...

...onstants of motion]], the total [[energy]] ''E'' and the three [[Cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian components]] of the [[angular momentum]] [[vector (geometr ...[[Lagrangian]] of the system there does ''not'' exist a so-called [[cyclic coordinate]] corresponding to it, whereas for other conserved quantities it does. Thus ...

...ht lines) to a [[curvilinear coordinates|curved coordinate system]] (where coordinate lines need not be straight). ...ated with energy, such as its [[temperature]] or the [[binding energy]] of systems such as [[Atomic nucleus|nuclei]] or [[molecules]], contribute to that body ...

...M = object [[mass]]; r = [[Schwarzschild coordinates|radial Schwarzschild coordinate]], g_tt = t,t component of the [[metric tensor]]</ref> ...t that "the space between galaxies is expanding" are related by changing [[coordinate system]]s. Expressing this precisely requires working with the mathematics ...

...ment of the great distance to the nearest spiral nebulae showed that these systems were indeed other [[galaxies]]. Independently deriving Friedmann's equation ...xpansion of the universe remain at fixed points on the grid. While their ''coordinate'' distance ([[comoving distance]]) remains constant, the ''physical'' dista ...

...to three known points. This has applications in navigation and positioning systems such as [[LORAN]]. ...om differences in distances to three known points. For example, navigation systems such as [[LORAN]] identify a receiver's position from the differences in ar ...

...on is also used for other mathematical concepts, such as two-dimensional [[coordinate vector|vectors]]. ...s is believed to be such a difficult problem that many modern cryptography systems are based upon it.<ref name="Schroeder_216" >Schroeder, pp. 216–219.</ref> ...

Making these predictions is not trivial, even for simple systems. For example, [[oxaloacetate]] is formed by [[malate dehydrogenase]] within ...2 updated.svg|thumb|300px|The energy variation as a function of [[reaction coordinate]] shows the stabilisation of the transition state by an enzyme.]] ...

...ction]]), can be used to define the geometry of space, as well as a time [[coordinate]]. However, there is an ambiguity once [[gravity]] comes into play. Accor ...nce|covariant]] concepts, i.e. a description which is valid in any desired coordinate system.<ref>See {{Harvnb|Ehlers|1973|loc=section 1.2}}, {{Harvnb|Havas|1964 ...

...irections in space are designated x, y, and z, and remain unchanged if the coordinate axes are rotated to a new orientation, the physics of quantum chromodynamic ...are assigned to certain quark flavors, and denote qualities of quark-based systems and hadrons. The [[baryon number]] (''B'') is +{{frac|1|3}} for all quarks, ...

In the [[Galactic coordinate system]], the [[Stellar kinematics#Space velocity|space velocity]] componen ...or=Staff | date=1998-04-21 | title=Astronomers discover possible new Solar Systems in formation around the nearby stars Vega and Fomalhaut ...

...[[pendulum]], a vibrating molecule or a passive [[electronic oscillator]]. Systems of such oscillators arise in many situations; by equipartition, each such o ...[organ pipe]]. On the other hand, equipartition often breaks down for such systems, because there is no exchange of energy between the normal modes. In an ext ...

...e these are familiar from many [[mathematical structure]]s, such as number systems—for example, the [[integer]]s endowed with the [[addition]] operation form ...n and multiplication operations give rise to group structures. Such number systems are predecessors to more general algebraic structures known as [[ring (math ...